[Title of your paper goes here (refer to the section from p. 70)] Taro Tanaka1, Hanako Yamamoto2, Ichiro Hashimoto1, and Natsumi Morimoto1*
1Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Japan, Osaka 555-1234, Japan
2National Institute of Advanced Research, Nishi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0055, Japan
*Correspondence: Natsumi Morimoto, Ph.D.
Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Japan
2-2 Yumegaoka, Toyonaka, Osaka 555-1234, Japan
Fax +81-777-888-9991 E-mail [email protected]
Title (See section from p. 70) Mechanism
X promotes Y by inducing Z X requires Y and compensates Z
X plays an essential role in B as well as C X prevents Y
Distinct roles of X and Y in Z X enhances Y in Z by inhibiting B Model
Predictive models of X based on Y An X model for Y
Method
Optimization of X for Y Detection of X in Y by Z
Abstract
[abs1] Plant developmental processes are controlled by both endogenous programs and environmental signals. [abs2,3] To examine the development of the root system, we have studied the HHH locus of Arabidopsis. [abs4] Our characterization of x5 mutants revealed that HH51 has pleiotropic effects on the gravitropic response, tissue differentiation, and root system growth as well as a light-signaling pathway in the hypocotyl. We also cloned the HHH locus using a T-DNA-tagged mutant. [abs5] The HHH gene encodes a protein with a BBB motif which is likely to play a role in multiple development of the root as a transcriptional regulator. This is the first report showing that a BBB protein has a great effect on plant development.
Abstract (See section from p. 76) abs1 Background
＊X is Y（定義文）
＊Xs play an important/major/ significant/key/critical/pivotal role in
＊X is one of the most important Ys
＊To understand X is important
＊Recently, ...
＊X has not been clearly documented abs2 Purpose
＊Here we investigated ...
＊Here, we report ...
＊In this study, we examined the effects of ...
＊The purpose of this study was to
＊This paper focuses on X.
Introduction
[int1] Early in embryonic development, the three germ layer fates are allocated and segregated into distinct embryonic regions. [int2] Recent analyses have revealed that mesoderm and endoderm arise from mesendoderm cells, and have identified early regulators of mesoderm and endoderm differentiation through studies using embryos and embryonic stem cells (Kimelman and Griffin, 2000, Rodaway and Patient, 2001, Smith et al., 2007 and Tada et al., 2005). [int3] However, our knowledge of mechanisms that restricts the expression of these early fate determinants and segregates the germ layer fates is limited in most animals, especially in chordates (Kimelman and Griffin, 2000 and Rodaway and Patient, 2001). [int4] To resolve this issue, we began analyzing the mechanism of germ layer fate segregation in ascidians. Ascidians, one of the living sister groups closest to vertebrates (Delsuc et al., 2006), are sessile marine chordates whose tadpole larvae display a chordate body plan…
Introduction (see section from p. 88)
int1 Background
＊... is used worldwide
＊... is well-known
＊Much attention has been directed to ...
＊... has attracted much interest in recent years
＊Much research is current in progress
＊... is a major risk factor in ...
＊ X is a major cause of Y
＊X has recently been shown to be int2 Prior research
＊Many studies over the last decade have shown
＊Recent studies have also focused on
Materials and Methods Embryos
[exp1,2] Naturally spawned eggs of Halocynthia roretzi were artificially fertilized and reared in Millipore-filtered seawater (pore size, 0.22 μm) containing 50 μg/ml streptomycin sulfate and 50 μg/ml kanamycin sulfate at 11°C. Sixteen-cell stage embryos were staged according to the methods described in Nishikata et al. (1999). The formation of the cleavage furrow in the posterior vegetal cell, B4.1, was used as a reference point (0’). [exp3] The elapsed time after formation of the furrows is shown above the panels in the figures and supplemental figures.
Microinjection
Microinjection of MO and synthetic RNA was carried out as described previously (Kumano et al., 2006) with the exception of Wnt5a MOs, which were injected during the first phase and before the initiation of the second phase of ooplasmic
movements at the 1-cell stage. This allowed us to observe the functions of Wnt5a that were not observed in previous studies when MOs were injected after the second phase of ooplasmic movement (Nakamura et al., 2006).
Materials and Methods / Experimental (see section from p. 102)
exp1 Materials used
＊X was obtained from
＊X was used as
＊X was prepared by
＊X was purified by
＊X was used as a template
＊All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (University of XYZ),
＊Following informed consent from the patient or legally authorized representative, subjects were
＊All patients provided a written informed
Results
A Homeobox Transcription Factor, Not, Promotes Mesoderm Fate and Suppresses Endoderm Fates
[res3] We searched for genes that restrict the expression of Zic and Lhx3 using antisense morpholino oligos (MO) designed to specifically suppress the translation of candidate genes. … [res2] Knockdown of the functions of Not, a homeodomain transcription factor homologous to Xenopus Xnot1/2, zebrafish floating head, and Chick CNOT1/2 (Utsumi et al., 2004), by injection of MOs (NotMO1 or NotMO4) into fertilized eggs resulted in ectopic expression of Lhx3 and loss of Zic expression in mesoderm cells (white arrowhead, Figure 1C). In contrast, injection of synthetic Not mRNA resulted in loss of expression of Lhx3 in every case, and in ectopic expression of Zic in the endoderm to a lesser extent (Figure 1D). [res4] We confirmed that Not regulates mesoderm and endoderm fates…These results demonstrate that Not is required and alone sufficient to suppress endoderm fate and is required for specification of mesoderm fates.
Results (see section from p. 107) res1 Reference to figure, table, etc.
＊Data are shown as averages with error bars giving the standard deviation. res2 Finding
＊X and Y concentrations were approximately ...
＊X represented more than Y% of the Z produced
＊X was different from Y
＊X scores were
＊We observed
res3 General information
＊X and Y have been known to
＊X plays an important role in
Discussion
[dis1] In conclusion, our results suggest that an unexpected mechanism of asymmetric cell division segregates germ layer fates in chordate embryos (Figure 6). In this mechanism the migration of the nucleus is essential for the asymmetric localization of the mRNA encoding a transcription factor that promotes mesoderm and suppresses endoderm fates. [dis2] The process of asymmetric partitioning can be subdivided into four sub-processes: (i) Not mRNA is transcribed as the nucleus migrates toward the mesoderm pole. (ii) Not mRNA is released from the nucleus to the cytoplasm at the
mesoderm pole. (iii) Not mRNA remains there (iv) while the spindle and metaphase chromosomes reposition to the center of the cell, and subsequent cell division divides the cell into half. This study reveals a role of nuclear migration in the asymmetric localization and partitioning of mRNA during cell divisions. [dis3] This is reminiscent of the mechanism that localizes maternal Gurken mRNA in Drosophila, in which the mRNA is released from eccentrically positioned oocyte nucleus (Saunders and Cohen, 1999). The localization of mRNA by means of nuclear translocation may be a conserved mechanism used in various embryos.
[dis4] Future studies should be aimed at understanding the mechanism that regulate each of these steps, and the mechanism that determines the mesoderm and endoderm poles within the mesendoderm cell….
Discussion
(see section from p. 114) dis1 Restatement of present study
＊In this study, we demonstrated that
＊In this study, we investigated X, which is responsible for Y
＊The present study shows that increased X is associated with Y
＊In this study, we demonstrate a novel link between X and Y
＊We present the first evidence that dis2 Presentation of findings
＊X directly revealed that
Discussion
[dis1] In conclusion, our results suggest that an unexpected mechanism of asymmetric cell division segregates germ layer fates in chordate embryos (Figure 6). In this mechanism the migration of the nucleus is essential for the asymmetric localization of the mRNA encoding a transcription factor that promotes mesoderm and suppresses endoderm fates. [dis2] The process of asymmetric partitioning can be subdivided into four sub-processes: (i) Not mRNA is transcribed as the
nucleus migrates toward the mesoderm pole. (ii) Not mRNA is released from the nucleus to the cytoplasm at the mesoderm pole. (iii) Not mRNA remains there (iv) while the spindle and metaphase chromosomes reposition to the center of the cell, and subsequent cell division divides the cell into half. This study reveals a role of nuclear migration in the asymmetric localization and partitioning of mRNA during cell divisions. [dis3] This is reminiscent of the mechanism that localizes maternal Gurken mRNA in Drosophila, in which the mRNA is released from eccentrically positioned oocyte nucleus
(Saunders and Cohen, 1999). The localization of mRNA by means of nuclear translocation may be a conserved
mechanism used in various embryos.
[dis4] Future studies should be aimed at understanding the mechanism that regulate each of these steps, and the mechanism that determines the mesoderm and endoderm poles within the mesendoderm cell….
Discussion (see section from p. 112)
dis1 Restatement of present study
＊In this study, we demonstrated that
＊In this study, we investigated X, which is responsible for Y
＊The present study shows that increased X is associated with Y
＊In this study, we demonstrate a novel link between X and Y
＊We present the first evidence that dis2 Presentation of findings
＊X directly revealed that
